Various Conditions Which Can Result In Child Birth Complications:

• Prolonged Labor: Sometimes the duration of labor stretches for a longer duration. This is generally found in women are becoming mothers for the first time. If such condition takes place then it can be risk for both the mother and the baby.
• Abnormal Presentation: This condition refers to the positioning of the fetus when the body of the mother is preparing for delivery. The correct position in this time is considered when the fetus drops down in the lower part of uterus. For labor to happen it is necessary that the head of the baby must be positioned with the head down, facing the mother’s back and chin struck to its chest and the back of the head must be ready to enter into the pelvis. In case this do not happen at the appropriate time then it could result in child birth complications.
• Umbilical Cord Prolase: Umbilical cord is considered as the lifeline of your baby. As it provides the fetus with all the required nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s body through the placenta. In some cases this umbilical cord slips through the cervix just before or during labor. In such situations the baby gets preceded into the birth canal. This condition is dangerous as the umbilical cord can be blocked which will stop the supply of blood to the fetus in such case. This can prove to a dangerous situation which requires immediate medical attention.
• Umbilical cord Compression: As the fetus a lot around in the uterus to there are chances for the umbilical cord to wind up and unwind a number of times. So there are chances of cord accidents during pregnancy period. These accidents are very rare and can not easily prevented. such accidents are sudden which results in sudden fall in the fetal rate.

The appearence of a “small for gestational age baby”(SGA) will be thin, pale and they posses dry skin. These babies are also at high risk of hypoglycemia(low blood sugar). The main causes of IUGR are infections, lack of necessary nutrients and oxygen. Some of the maternal factors include smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and chronic kidney disease.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction(IGUR) can be analysed in different ways. These are fetal movement counting, in which number of kicks and fetal motions are tracked, nonstress testing, in which the heart beat of the fetus is counted. Ultrasound is one test in which high frequency sound waves are used.

These sound waves help in creating high images of blood vessels and internal organs of the fetus. Droppler flow studies are used to trace the blood flow in the fetus. The severity of this disease depends on how early the problem began during pregnancy.

Though it is not possible to completely reverse the effects of IGUR, following certain nutritional diets can reduce the effects of IGUR. Medication also depends on the extent of the disease, tolerence for specific medicine, life style, family history. Some times taking bed rest at home is recommended, as it improves blood circulation to the fetus.

Some ways to prevent IGUR are:

• Stop smoking, drugs and alcohol when your are expecting.
• Increase the intake of nutritional food.
• Take adequate rest and be cheerful.

The procedure of endometrial ablation damages the endometrial lining. It is this damage that prevents further uterine bleeding. Once this procedure is carried out women will have very less menstrual bleeding.

But, the drawback of this procedure is that the woman undergoing this surgery do not become pregnant any more. This procedure can not be taken as a means of birth control as it has a lot of risks related in getting pregnant although it is very good for ablations.

Significance Of Endometrial In Pregnancy:

The development of pregnancy takes place when fertilized egg is implanted in endometrial lining of the uterus. Once the implantation of the fetus takes place in endometrial lining, the development of placenta also begins. Placenta plays an important role in pregnancy as it is the only means which carries all the necessary oxygen and nutrition to the fetus. So it requires the endometrial in a healthy form.

As the process of endometrial ablation hampers the endometrial lining itself so the placenta becomes difficult after this procedure. As the result pregnancy after this procedure also become difficult.

Pregnancy After Endometrial Ablation:

Once ablation is done, the endometrium is either removed entirely or badly destroyed. As the result it loses its capability of providing proper oxygen, nutrients and safe environment to the growing fetus. Since, the survival of pregnancy is not possible without a healthy endometrial lining so the chances of pregnancy after endometrial ablation are next to impossible.

Those women who wants to become pregnant must not go through this procedure, rather ask for alternatives from your doctor.

The development of gestational trophoblastic disease begins in the trophoblast cells which normally surrounds an embryo. In the early stages, the normal development of villi cells takes place. The structures of villi are found on the lining of the uterus. After some duration it is the layer of trophoblast which develops into placenta.

Most of the cells of GTD are non cancerous in the beginning as the result they do not invade deep inside the body or spread to the other parts of the body. But some of the cells can be cancerous too. As all the cells of these tumors are not cancerous they are referred as gestational trophoblastic disease or gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

Types Of Gestational Trophoblastic Disease:
The types of GTDs includes:

• Abnormal placenta which is known as Hydatidiform mole (HM) which can result in molar pregnancy. There are two types of Hydatidaform moles like complete hydatidiform moles or incomplete hydatidiform moles.
• Frank malignant tumors or invasive mole. These moles are grow in the muscle cells of the uterus. These can either grow from complete or impartial mole.
• Placental site nodule is the rare form of tumor which develops at the place where the placenta attaches itself to the uterus. This kind of tumor can generate after any normal pregnancy or abortion.
• Choriocarcinoma this type of tumor ids the most malignant form odf GTD as its spreads very quickly and reaches to the other organs placed far away from the uterus. It usually develops from a complete mole but could also develop from a partial mole too. It is generally found in a normal pregnancy or the pregnancy which ends at an early stage.

Pregnancy After IUI:

The sucess rate of pregnancy after IUI are higher even the women above the age of 35 undergoing this treatment are found to have 10 – 20 % of the sucess rate. Usually the rate of sucess depends upon the sperm count placed and the strength of the fallopian tubes. If both are in good condition then chances of sucessful conceiving gets doubled up.

How Does IUI Work Attaing Pregnancy:

With the help of a catheter sperms are directly placed into the uterus. This process increases the chances for conceiving. This is a short and comfortable method where pregnancy signs could appear within a short span of time.

This method is beneficial for those couples whose male counterpart have less sperm count. The count sperm can be juged through specific tests and if such condition arrives this method can be easily practised.

Who Can Use IUI For Pregnancy:

• Men who have less sperm count
• Men whose sperms are not very mobile
• Women whose cervical mucus is very thick
• Couples with sexual dysfuntion

Although IUI helps the sperm to enter the uterus but still it entirely upon the sperm to search for the egg and conceptate it. So, the conception depends on the mobility of the sperm. The process of IUI only kick starts the process rest all depends entirely on the sperm’s capability.

The third trimester is the last stage in the pregnancy term of nine months. This trimester is during the 7, 8 and 9 months or ranging from weeks 28-42. The characteristics of this trimester have been given below.

Seventh Month:

The Baby The baby start vigorous (powerful) kicking which is unbelievable. The baby starts growing rapidly in the third trimester.

Your Body You might experience foot cramps due to lack of calcium. Vitamins should be taken in regularly. There would be swelling in hands and feet.

Eight Month:

The Baby If the baby is born as premature, there are good chances for survival. You might feel a foot around your ribcage. At around this time, the baby is around 16 inches in length and is 4 pounds in weight.

Your Body you might feel a bit uncomfortable around this month of pregnancy. You would feel ready to give birth to the baby. You may also feel short of breath. The old tired feelings would again return. If you don’t feel sleepy, put a pillow between the keens and sleepby your side. If the baby kicks you while sleeping, turn to the other side.

Ninth Month:

The Baby This is the last month of pregnancy. The baby would approximately gain 2 pounds and measure around 19-21 inches long.

Your Body There would sudden rise in your energy before beginning labor. You would have to go to washroom, more number of times. This is because the baby’s head drops in your pelvic area. When this happens, the labor is only sometime away.

Both the conditions of Anovulation and Oligovulation are considered as the common cause female infertility and are the result of some ovulatory disorder.

Causes For Irregular Ovulation:
Some major causes which can result in making your ovulation irregular are:

• Very low body weight
• Excessive body weight or obesity
• Ovarian faliure at any early age
• Hyperprolactinemia
• Dysfunctioning of the thyroid
• Excessive exercise
• Advanced maternal age
• Levels of stress are extreamly high

Symptoms For Irregular Ovulation:
The symptoms for irregular ovulation are:

• Irregular periods
• Length of the cycled varies from month to month.
• It be so that you have regular periods but do not ovulate.

How To Find Irregular Ovulation Cycle:

Actually, the dynamics of ovulation cycle varies from women to women. The regularity and duration of menstrual cycle is different for every women. Regular cycle is consideredas that cycle which occurs in every 21 days whereas an irregular cycle can be stretched upto 35 days or more. If it is stretched for more than 45 days then consulting a doctor for the same is essential. To keep a track of your ovulation cycle there are few methods. These includes :

• Basal Body Temperature: In this the temperature of the body is monitored each day. In case ovulation takes place in your body then the body temperature will increase in between 0.4 F – 0.8 F to keep a warmer and more fertile environment for fertillization.
• The Cervical Mucous Method: The other method is to check the changes in the cervical mucous. During menstruation the the discharge of cervical mucuous is negligble while during ovulation time is becomes more clear and slippery to give an impression of fertility.
• The Calendar Method: It is the method where you can maintain the written record of fertillity and recognise their patterns. It will also help you to predict your ovulation depending upon your menstrual histrioy.
• Ovulation Tests: These tests help you to predict with great accuracy your ovulation time of the month as they detect the hormone which is responsible for your ovulation.

In cases of incompetent cervix, the cervix slowly thins and opens without any contractions or labor. This causes the fetus drop through the opening causing loss of baby. Major Causes of Incompetent cervix are not known. However, experts believe trauma to cervix, hormonal changes during pregnancy, use of certain drugs like diethylstilbestrol (DES) as major reasons for incompetent cervix.

The chances of this abnormality grow when a women has had three consequent pregnancy losses during the second and third trimesters. In some women there are no obvious reasons for cervical incompetency. Some of the symptoms of cervical incompetency are back pain, pressure in lower abdomen, vaginal discharge, and surge of warm liquid from vagina.

Treatments for incompetent cervix include prescribing tocolytics (drugs that prevent labour contractions), pessary ( a rubber device that supports cervix), and surgeries. History of the patient is also considered while treating a patient. About 15 to 20% women are affected by miscarriages. But miscarriage due to incompetent cervix is 1%.

Here are few nursing guidelines to treat and provide support to the women affected with “incompetent cervix”:

• Patients are emotionally very disturbed in case of a miscarriage, so providing emotional support plays a key role.
• Assist and make efforts to maintain pregnancy, if possible.
• Evaluate fetal status.
• Understand the patients therapeutic needs.
• Provide complete information about the abnormality.
• Remember to discharge the patient only when the uterine contractions are absent.

Trimester, as the name suggests is 3 semesters. Pregnancy has 3 stages (see table).

Let’s read more about the second trimester of pregnancy in details. The second trimester starts with the fourth month.

Four Month:

Baby It is quite exciting when you feel the baby movements during this month. Some women feel the movements in the fifth month. The baby moves, swallows food and can also hear your voice. At that point of time, the baby is around 7 inches in length and 5 ounces in weight.

Body When you enter the second trimester of pregnancy, the morning sickness should be lessening. If the sickness hasn’t lessened, you still might want certain things to eat. You would also feel hungry. Now you are eating for two but the food shouldn’t be twice as much. You should only eat a little more than normal. You should also gain weight during this month.

Fifth Month:

Baby While having a ultrasound during this month, if the baby is awake, you can also see the baby’s movements. At the end of the fifth month, the baby is approx ten inches in length and a pound in weight.

Body You are high on energy now. The fatigue (tiredness) feeling would disappear. You would also feel bloated. Other symptom is constipation. Drinking more water is helpful.

Sixth Month:

Baby By this month, the baby become more active. It turns upside down and rolls from side to side. The baby also begins to suck his thumb. At the end of this month, the child weighs around one and half pound and is around 12 inches in length.

Body Pregnant women tend to work a lot. They should rest for more time. In this month, back pain is normal. This is because the baby begins to grow faster.

Women suffering with PCOS are at higher risk of miscarriages. These women are given clomid, a drug which stimulates ovulation. Clomid for four out of five women. Clomid, metafirm, letrozole are some of the oral drugs that are used to stimulate ovulation. If the disease doesn’t respond to oral drugs, next step is injectable gonadotropins.

In injectable gonadotropins “fsh” hormone is injected. The success rate of this method is around 90%. Though many women develop mature follicles with this method, there is a risk of multiple matured follicles. This leads to birth of triplets and even more. Triplets and multiple births increases the risk of birth deformities, premature babies and child deaths.

Due to the above said risks many women opt for IVF. IVF stands for In Vitro Fertilization. In this method male sperms are added to female partner’s egg. This egg is kept in incubator for 3 to 5 days and then injected in to the female uterus. This method is considered most effective for couples who failed to conceive through conventional medicine.

The first IVF baby was louis brown, born in the year 1978. The success rate of IVF depends on the quality of lab and age factor of the female partner. Women whose age is less than 35 years have high success rates.

All you women dejected due to PCOS have a reason to smile, because becoming a “mama” is no more beyond the bounds!!