The appearence of a “small for gestational age baby”(SGA) will be thin, pale and they posses dry skin. These babies are also at high risk of hypoglycemia(low blood sugar). The main causes of IUGR are infections, lack of necessary nutrients and oxygen. Some of the maternal factors include smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and chronic kidney disease.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction(IGUR) can be analysed in different ways. These are fetal movement counting, in which number of kicks and fetal motions are tracked, nonstress testing, in which the heart beat of the fetus is counted. Ultrasound is one test in which high frequency sound waves are used.

These sound waves help in creating high images of blood vessels and internal organs of the fetus. Droppler flow studies are used to trace the blood flow in the fetus. The severity of this disease depends on how early the problem began during pregnancy.

Though it is not possible to completely reverse the effects of IGUR, following certain nutritional diets can reduce the effects of IGUR. Medication also depends on the extent of the disease, tolerence for specific medicine, life style, family history. Some times taking bed rest at home is recommended, as it improves blood circulation to the fetus.

Some ways to prevent IGUR are:

• Stop smoking, drugs and alcohol when your are expecting.
• Increase the intake of nutritional food.
• Take adequate rest and be cheerful.

There are many complications which occur suddenly and can prove fatal for your baby. Some information regarding some situations like breech baby, episiotomy, premature labor are discussed below.

Types Of Childbirth Complications:

Some of the complications of childbirth are mentioned below:

• Breech Birth: It is the condition in which the legs of the baby are flexed at the hips or when one or both the knees are flexed or not extended. This condition is caused due to many reasons like:
  • In case of multiples
  • Amount of amniotic acid is too little
  • The shape of uterus is abnormal
  • Baby has hydrocephalus
  • Mother is suffering from placenta previa.
• Preterm Labor Or Premature Birth: Preterm labor gives rise to premature birth. Preterm labor is the labor pain or the contraction which makes the cervix to dilate, thin out before its usually time. There are several risks which are attached with the preterm labor. Some of these risks includes:
  • Infections in kidney
  • Vaginal infections, urinary tract infections, infections which are sexually transmitted.
  • Vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks of pregnancy
  • Infection will be accompanied with fever during the pregnancy period.
  • Weight will either increase or lose drastically during pregnancy period.
  • High BP or disease of kidney or diabetes are few of the chronic diseases
  • Pregnancy will be of shorter span.
  • A disorder in clotting process will be noticed.

The painful breastfeeding takes place due to some kind of inflammation on the breast. The skin in the affected part becomes red and warm. There are various causes for such conditions to arise.

Causes For Painful Breastfeeding:

• Engorgement: It is the condition in which the mother experiences the fullness of the breast which can be due to the increase in the supply of blood to the breast along with the some swelling in them. This condition results in the painful breasts for few days.
• Blocked Ducts: The ducts gets blocked when the milk which is produced is prevented from passing into the nipples through the ducts. The blocking of the ducts can occur at time of feeding. In this condition the pain is confined upto one area only. Redness will be noticed in the tender part of the lump area. All these symptoms, signifies the presence of some infection in the ducts.
• Mastitis And Breast Abcess: Both these are the infections of the breast in which excessive pain is noticed in the breasts which is involves the whole breasts. Some other symptoms of Mastitis includes headaches, fever and other achy symptoms which can pretend to be flu like.
• Thrush: This is also a fungal infection which can result in the painful feeding through the breast.

Causes For Cracked And Sore Nipples:

Cracked and sore nipples are due various reasons. The main cause for this condition, is that the baby is not sucks the nipple hardly as it can not get the milk in sufficient amount. If the baby sucks the nipples just for fun and do not latch properly there are chances for the cracked and sore nipples to appear. Therefore, the mother must not remove the baby without breaking the suction as it can also result in the sore and cracked nipples.

Treatment Of Cracked And Sore Nipples:

• Don’t allow the milk to dry on your nipples.
• Breast milk itself is a skin softener and has the capacity to heal your cracked and sore nipples. So, allow your nipples to dry in air naturally or use electric dryer for the purpose.
• Avoid wearing clothes which can irritate your nipples.
• Apply some creams, gels, oils on your nipples and breast to keep them moist and clean. Never use mustard oil as it can cause irritation. Always clean your cream or oil before feeding your baby.
• Do not stop feeding even if your nipples are cracked or sore.
• Feed the baby with the nipple which pains less.
• Always keep changing the side of breast which is used for feeding.
• Never remove the crusts of dried milk from the cracked and sore nipples as it can worsen the situation.

Causes Of Thrush Nipples:

The thrush nipples are caused due to the fungal infection of Candida albicans.

Symptoms Of Thrush Nipples:
The symptoms of thrush nipples are:

• Pain in the nipple and /or breast is the main symptom
• Pain in the nipple is often accompanied by the itching, burning or stinging which can be mild to severe.
• Nipples can be tender in touch and even the slight touch by hand or the cloth can result in pain and itching.
• Breast pain is not constant one. It radiates through out the breast and can be a shooting pain.
• The pain in the breast and the nipples will be noticed mostly before and after the feeding process.

Signs For The Thrush Nipples:
Some of the signs for thrush nipples to develop are:

• The nipples or nipple will become bright pink in color
• The areola can become dry, flaky and will have the red color
• Rarely a white rash can also be noticed
• Cracks in the nipples will be noticed which can be difficult to heal
• The symptoms of the thrush will also be seen on the mouth of the baby
• The mouth of the baby will have white thick coating on the inner side of the cheeks and on the upper portion of the tongue.
• Baby’s bottom will have red rash which will be surrounded by the red spots all around it.

• Arriving of the milk for the time after the birth of the youngone.
• When breast cannot nurse the regular and sufficient amount of milk as it use to do earlier.
• When both the mother and the baby stops breast feeding suddenly.
• When ever the baby’s breast feed decreases immeditely as it has started taking solid food or it is ill with poor apetite.

Causes For Severe Breast Engorgement:
In case of breast engorgement, the overfilled breasts gets swollen up and become painful. This leads to severe breast engorgement. The causes for such conditions to arise are:

• If the women wait for too long for feeding the baby
• Enough of feeding is not done
• Feedings are done in small amount which do not empty the breast totally.

Symptoms Of Breast Engorgement:
The symptoms of breast engorgement can be summarized in the following points:

• Breasts become swollen, painful and firm
• In case of severe breast engorgement the breast will be swollen heavily, will become hard, warm, shiny and slightly lumpy in touch.
• Nipples can get flattened. The area around the nipple will become dark and hard creating difficulty for the baby to latch it.
• Mild fever can be there.
• Tenser and swollen lymph nodes can be noticed in the armpits.

Cabbage For Breast Engorgement:

Cabbage is considered as the best medicine for curing engorgements in females. It is a miracle cure for this condition. Actually, green cabbage has sinigrin rapine, oil of mustard, oxylates, magnesium and sulphur heterosides.

The mixture of these ingredients help in decreasing the tissue congestion by opening the small blood vessels. This improves the flow of blood in and out of that area. Hence, allowing the body to reabsord the fluid trabbed in the breast. Cabbages also have an action which draws and wicks the trapped fluid.

Pregnancy Rates After Tubal Ligation:

In a recent study it has been estimated that about 143 women in every 10,000 women gets pregnant after Tubal Ligation. This is about 1.43% more than other birth control methods. The rate of getting pregnant after ten of the surgery increases. The percentage of women who get pregnant 10 years after the surgery rises to 1. 83 %. This is an average estimate but in most cases women do not get pregnant even after 20, 30, 40 years of surgery too.

How Common Is Pregnancy After Pomeroy Ligation:

Pomeroy Ligation is the type of technique in which the tubes are tied and the segment which has been ligated is cut off. Some doctors even burn the ends of the tubes that have been cut and may use the term modified Pomeroy Ligation.

Once, this type of surgery is done, chances of getting pregnant, decreases significantly. But if some error is done during the surgery or it is not carried out properly; in that case, pregnancy is possible.

Tubal Ligation is considered as one of the best ways for birth control although it not 1005 but still there are few chances for the women to get pregnant once she has under gone this surgery. In case a woman who has undergone surgery wants to get pregnant again there is a method of Reversal Ligation in which closed tubes are reopened. Although this method exists but the chances of getting pregnant after this procedure varies from women to women.

Although success results of this therapy are high but it has few side effects which could cause problems later. These side effects are discussed below.

Clomiphene Side Effects:
As we know that every medicine has the side effects so Clomiphene also has the side effects. Most of the people are able to tolerate its power but some face side effects too. Most of the side effects are minor but some are sever too. Some common side effects are:

• Upset stomach, nausea or vomiting
• Abdominal or pelvic pain or bloating.
• Enlargement of the ovaries.
• Abnormal menstrual bleeding
• Breast pain
• Headache
• Hot flashes

Some of the rare side effects are:

• Diarrhea
• Depression
• Constipation
• Hair loss or dry hair
• Fatigue or tiredness
• Light headedness
• Increased appetite
• Nervous tension
• Increased urination
• Skin rash
• Vaginal dryness
• Trouble in sleeping
• A spinning sensation
• Weight gain or weight loss

Apart from the above mentioned side effects, there are few other side effects which are noticed in cases. Such as, prolonged and high dose of therapy can result in temporary sterility in males.

On the other hand, in females, ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome, menorrhagia, ovarian enlargement, ovarian cysts, heavier menses, increased urination and breast discomfort can be noticed.

Once the person loses weight and regains the original shape the mark of stretch is left behind. These scars appear like a pink or purplish thread which is found normally on the belly, thighs, breasts, hips and upper arms.

These stretch marks do not cause any hazards to the health but gives the bad impression on the body. There are many ways for removing these stretch marks. Laser surgery is one of the finest ways for their removal and has minimum side effects.

Laser Surgery For Stretch Marks:

The procedure of the surgery is quiet simple. A ray of light is travels along the stretch marks and the thin layers of the skin are removed. Once the treatment is done, the skin starts healing itself and damaged tissues are healed with the new skin in a small span of time.

The time taken for surgery can vary from ten minutes to one hour. The time taken for surgery also depends on the severity of the stretch marks and the area where the treatment is being done. If the scar is not much severe it can be treated in one sitting otherwise two three sitting can be done to treat it completely.

The marks which are recently formed or are of red, pink, purple or brown in color can be easy treated and have highest success rates. Whereas those marks which are old and mature and are white or silver in color are difficult to remove. The treatment of laser can still reduce their appearance.

Side Effects Of Laser Therapy For Stretch Marks:

Although, laser therapy do not have much of the side effects but some of them which might take place are:

• Swelling or blister formation can be there on the treated area.
• Change in color of skin can be there which is temporary. It can return back to normal with the passage of time.

These are not exactly the side effects but the symptoms which can be cured within the few days after the treatment.

Here are some tips that can help you prevent the ugly stretch marks from ruining your skin.

1) Good Diet: During pregnancy it is important that you eat nutritious amount of food, for your health and most importantly for the baby’s growth, A weight gain of 25-35 pounds is the recommended weight gain suggested. Eating healthy food is also very important for maintaining healthy and supple skin. A healthy weight gain will let your skin stretch at a normal and steady rate without causing any scarring.

2) Massage: Massage your tummy, back, buttocks and thighs with some olive oil or almond oil. They help nourish the skin and increase circulation in the particular area, thus helping the skin stay supple.

3) Drink plenty of water: It is important to keep one’s skin hydrated. It helps in the growth of the baby and proves to be very helpful in the stretching of the skin.

4) Moisturize Your Skin: Keep your skin moisturized. These moisturizers help keep your skin stay elastic and provide the required nutrition to your skin. Moisturizing regularly helps keep the skin stay intact despite all the stretching.

5) Take Your Vitamins: Take in all the vitamins required to help keep your skin strong and healthy.

Keep all these points in mind and help the skin stay nourished and healthy.